In women, causes include vaginal dryness, endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, or trauma. Hormonal changes during menopause can also contribute. In men, infections, tight foreskin, or prostate problems may lead to discomfort during intercourse.

Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may involve medications, hormone therapy, lubricants, physical therapy, or counseling. Open communication with a partner and regular follow-ups with a healthcare provider help improve both physical and emotional intimacy.